[1]. Bosela, M., Redmond, J., Kučera, M., Marin, G., & Adolt, R. (2016). Stem quality assessment in European National Forest Inventories: an opportunity for harmonized reporting? Annals of Forest Science, 73(3): 635-648.
[2]. Leduc, D.J., Sung, Sh. S., & Wharton, K. (2012). Assessing the leaning, bending, and sinuosity of sapling-size trees. Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. pp. 177-183.
[3]. Del Río, M., Bravo, F., Pando, V., Sanz, G., & De Grado, R.S. (2004). Influence of individual tree and stand attributes in stem straightness in Pinus pinaster Ait. Stands. Annals of Forest Science, 61(2): 141-148.
[4]. Tavankar, F., Nikooy, M., Lo Monaco, A., & Picchio, R. (2021). Long-term impact of selection cutting management on frequency of stem deformity in mixed beech forests of northern Iran. Drewno, 64(207): 1-26.
[5]. Rudnicki, M., Wang, X., Ross, R.J., Allison, R.B., & Perzynski, K. (2017). Measuring wood quality in standing trees: A review. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 13 p.
[6]. Tavankar, F., Monaco, A., Nikooy, M., Venanzi, R., Bonyad, A., & Picchio, R. (2019). Snow damages on trees of an uneven age in mixed broadleaf forests: effects of topographical conditions and tree characteristics. Journal of Forestry Research, 30: 1383-1394.
[7]. Zeltinš, P., Katreviˇcs, J., Gailis, A., Maaten, T., Baders, E., & Jansons, A. (2018). Effect of Stem Diameter, Genetics, and Wood Properties on Stem Cracking in Norway Spruce. Forests, 9(9): 1-10.
[8]. Turvey, N.D., Downes, G.M., Hopmans, P., Stark, N., Tomkins, B., & Rogers, H. (1993). Stem deformation in fast grown Pinus radiata: an investigation of causes. Forest Ecology and Management, 62(1-4): 189-209.
[9]. Gartner, B.L., & Johnson, G.R. (2006). Is long primary growth associated with stem sinuosity in Douglas-fir?. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36(9): 2351-2356.
[10]. Karamdost Marian, B., Bonyad, A., & Tavankar, F. (2019). Effect of harvest intensity on volume growth of mixed beech stands in Asalem Nav forests. Journal of Forest Research and Development, 4(4): 533-547.
[11]. Tavankar, F., Kivi, A.R., Taheri-Abkenari, K., Lo Monaco, A., Venanzi, R., & Picchio, R. (2022). Evaluation of Deadwood Characteristics and Carbon Storage under Different Silvicultural Treatments in a Mixed Broadleaves Mountain Forest. Forests, 13(2), 259.
[12]. Tavankar, F., & Nikooy, M. (2017). Decay development of trees bole following logging damages in a 10 years period in mixed beech forest (Case study of Asalem-Nav forest in Guilan). Journal of Forest Research and Development, 3(1): 15-27. (In Persian)
[13]. Keren, S., & Diaci, J. (2018). Comparing the Quantity and Structure of Deadwood in Selection Managed and Old-Growth Forests in South-East Europe. Forests, 9(2): 76.
[14]. Fallahnia, M., & Rafighi, A. 2012. The effect of initial spacing on bole form and annual growth of (Acer velutinum). Journal of Wood & Forest Science and Technology, 19(2): 153-159. (In Persian)
[15]. Nav Forest management plan, (2008). Asalem natural resources office, Nav watershed. 288.
[16]. Downes, G., Moore, G.A., & Turvey, N.D. (1994). Variations in response to induced stem bending in seedlings of Pinus radiate. Trees, 8: 151-159.
[17]. Verburg, R., & Van Eijk-Bos, C. (2003). Effects of selective logging on tree diversity, composition and plant functional type patterns in a Bornean rain forest. Journal of Vegetation Science, 14(1): 99-110.
[18]. Schnabel, F., Donoso, P.J., & Winter, C. (2017). Short-term effects of single-tree selection cutting on stand structure and tree species composition in Valdivian rainforests of Chile. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 47(1), 21.
[19]. Villela, D.M., Nascimento, M.T., De Aragao, L.E.O.C., & Gama, D.M. (2006). Effect of selective logging on forest structure and nutrient cycling in a seasonally dry Brazilian Atlantic forest. Journal of Biogeography, 33(3): 505-516.
[20]. Tavankar, F., Nikooy, M., Picchio, R., Venanzi, R., & Lo Monaco, A. (2017). Long-term effects of single-tree selection cutting management on coarse woody debris in natural mixed beech stands in the Caspian forest (Iran). iForest, 10(3), 652-658.
[21]. Šenhofa, S., Jaunslaviete, I., Šnepsts, G., Jansons, J., Liepa, L., & Jansons, A. (2020). Deadwood Characteristics in Mature and Old-Growth Birch stands and their implications for carbon storage. Forests, 11(5), 536.
[22]. Kenefic, L.S., & Nyland, R.D. (2007). Cavity trees, snags, and selection cutting: A Northern Hardwood Case Study. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 24(3): 192-196.
[23]. Sefidi, K., & Marvi Mohadjer, M.R. (2009). Amount and quality of dead trees (snag and logs) in a mixed beech forest with different management histories. Journal of Forest and Wood Products, 62(2): 191-202. (In Persian)
[24]. Sefidi, K., & Marvi Mohadjer, M. R. (2016). Dynamic of coarse woody debris among stand developmental stages of mixed beech (Fagus orientalis) forests. Forest Research and Development, 2(1): 17-32. (In Persian)
[25]. Sefidi, K. (2005). Qualitative and quantitative investigation on dead trees in the managed and unmanage forests. M.Sc Thesis. University of Tehran, Tehran, 180 p. (In Persian)
[26]. Macdonald, E., & Hubert, J. (2002). A review of the effects of silviculture on timber quality of Sitka spruce. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 75(2): 107-138.
[27]. Salehi Shanjani P., Asareh M.H. & Calagari M. (2011). Genetic differentiation among the forked and monopodial beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) groups. Iranian Journal of Biology, 24(5): 752-765. (In Persian)
[28]. Amaral, M.R.M., Lima, A.J.N., Higuchi, F.G., Santos, J.D., & Higuchi, N. (2019). Dynamics of tropical forest twenty-five years after experimental logging in central Amazon mature forest. Forests, 10(2): 89.
)