شناسایی تعارض‌های جنگل و اثر آنها بر منابع جنگلی شهرستان لردگان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

10.22059/jfwp.2024.382666.1314

چکیده

تعارض‌های جنگل نشان‌دهندة فرآیند پیچیده‌ای از تعاملات ناسازگار میان ذینفعان جنگل هستند که از ناسازگاری نیازها، اهداف و ارزش‌های آنان نسبت به کنترل، دسترسی، مدیریت، و استفاده از منابع جنگلی ناشی می‌شوند. برای مدیریت تعارض لازم است ابتدا شناخت مناسبی از نوع و میزان آن وجود داشته باشد. براساس نظریه‌های تعارض، جرم و تخلف از قانون، نمایه‌ای برای سنجش میزان تعارض در جامعه است. در پژوهش حاضر تخلف‌های مرتبط با منابع طبیعی در طول 27 سال بررسی و تعارض‌های آشکار در ادارة جنگل‌های منطقة سردشت استان چهارمحال و بختیاری شناسایی شد. برای بررسی تعارض‌ها از روش تحلیل محتوای کمی استفاده شد. تمامی 1220 پروندة تخلف منطقة سردشت شهرستان لردگان بررسی شد. پنج نوع تعارض آشکار شامل تعارض بر سر درختان و نهال‌ها، حمل غیرقانونی چوب، احداث غیرمجاز کورة زغال، آتش‌سوزی و تصرف اراضی ملی شناسایی شد که به‌طور کلی در دو دستة تعارض‌های بهره‌برداری و حقوقی/مدیریتی قرار می‌گیرند. در نتیجه این منازعه‌ها به‌طور متوسط، به‌ازای هر سال و در هر هکتار 0/04 اصله درخت و 0/47 اصله نهال از دست رفته است. همچنین در مدت 27 سال 344 هکتار از اراضی ملی تصرف شده است. ابهام در حقوق مالکیت، دسترسی و استفاده از منابع طبیعی، کمیابی منابع و فرصت‌های معیشتی محدود از دلایل وقوع تعارض‌های جنگل در منطقه است و چالش‌های اداری و حکمرانی ضعیف جنگل مانع ثبت، گزارش‌دهی و حل تعارضات می‌شود. به‌رسمیت ‌شناختن تعارض‌های جنگل و چاره‌جویی برای مدیریت آنها در سازمان منابع طبیعی و آبخیزداری موجب افزایش اثربخشی اقدامات حفاظتی، مدیریتی و صرفه‌جویی در هزینه‌های مالی و زمانی اقامة دعوای قضایی خواهد شد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Identification of forest conflicts and assessing their effects on the forest resources in Lordegan County

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fateme Eshaghi
  • Mohammad Avatefi Hemmat
  • Parviz Fatehi
Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Forest conflicts, arising from disagreements and conflicting interests among various stakeholders over controlling, managing, and using forest resources, pose significant threats to sustainable forestry. Effective conflict management is crucial for achieving forest policy goals and failure to address disputes properly may lead to the reduction of the effectiveness of conservation efforts and deforestation. This research identifies and analyzes open conflicts in the Zagros Forest of Sardasht forest administration in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, by examining 27 years of natural resource law enforcement data (1996–2023). Quantitative content analysis was applied to analyze the data, identifying five primary types of forest conflicts: illegal logging, unauthorized charcoal making, forest fires, and national land encroachment. These were categorized into two broad types: resource extraction conflicts and rights/management disputes. These conflicts have caused substantial losses, with an average of 0.04 trees and 0.47 saplings lost per hectare annually, and 344 hectares of national land encroached upon. The underlying causes of forest disputes include unclear property rights, resource scarcity, poor forest law enforcement, and limited livelihood opportunities. Additionally, administrative challenges and poor forest governance hinder conflict recording, reporting, and resolution. Recognizing and addressing forest conflicts is essential for the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization to conserve forest resources, reduce the financial and time costs associated with litigation, and promote sustainable forest management. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conflict management
  • Deforestation
  • Dispute resolution
  • Forest crimes
[1]    Harwell, E., Farah, D., & Blundell, A.G. (2011). Forests, fragility and conflict: Overview and case studies. Program on Forests (PROFOR), The World Bank Group. Washington DC.
[2]    Yasmi, Y., Kelley, L., & Enters, T. (2010). Conflict over forests and land in Asia. The Center for People and Forest, Bangkok.
[3]    Larson, A.M., & Ribot, J.C. (2007). The poverty of forestry policy: double standards on an uneven playing field. Sustainability Science, 189-204.
[4]    Meinzen-Dick, R., & Pradhan, R. (2002). Legal pluralism and dynamic property rights. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), CAPRi Working Papers. CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights, Washington DC.
[5]    Nousiainen, D., & Mola-Yudego, B. (2022). Characteristics and emerging patterns of forest conflicts in Europe - What can they tell us? Forest Policy and Economics, 136, 1-10.
[6]    Ghasemi, M., & Karami Dehkhordi, E. (2017). Analyzing stakeholders’ conflict network in natural resources conservation and exploitation: Case study: the Dorahan and Cheshme Ali Watersheds. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 24(1), 39-56. (In Persian)
[7]    Gritten, D., Mola-Yudego, B., Delgado-Matas, C., & Kortelainen, J. (2013). A quantitative review of the representation of forest conflicts across the world: Resource periphery and emerging patterns. Forest Policy and Economics, 33, 11-20.
[8]    Schellens, M.K., & Diemer, A. (2020). Natural resource conflicts: definition and three frameworks to aid analysis. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., Wall, T. (eds), Partnerships for the goals. Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals. Springer, Cham.
[9]    Yasmi, Y., Schanz, H., & Salim, A. (2006). Manifestation of conflict escalation in natural resource management. Environmental Science and Policy, 9(6), 538-546.
[10] NGO Forum on Cambodia. (2010). Statistical analysis on land dispute occurring in Cambodia 2009. NGO Forum on Cambodia, Phnom Penh.
[11] Wulan, Y.C., Yasmi, Y., Purba, C., & Wollenberg, E. (2004). An analysis of forestry sector conflict in Indonesia 1997-2003. Governance Brief. CIFOR, Bogor.
[12] United Nations Environment Program. (2012). Land and conflict, toolkit and guidance for preventing and managing land and natural resources conflict. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), New York.
[13] Walker, G., & Daniels, S. (1997). Foundations of natural resource conflict: conflict theory and public policy. EFI Proceedings, European Forestry Institute, Solberg. pp. 13-36.
[14] Eshaghi, F., Avatefi Hemmat, M., & Fatehi, P. (2022). Explanation of conflict and conflict management in the forest. The third national conference on natural resources and sustainable development in Zagros, Shahrekord. (In Persian)
[15] Lane, M.B. (1999). Regional forest agreements: resolving resource conflicts or managing resource politics? Australian Geographical Studies, 37(2), 142-53.
[16] Fisher, L.A., Kim, Y.S., Latifah, S., & Mukarom, M. (2017). Managing forest conflicts: perspectives of Indonesia’s forest management unit directors. Forest and  Society, 1(1), 8-26.
[17] Koech, R.K. (2015). Effects of forest resource use conflicts on conservation efforts in Enderit forest block in Mau Forest complex, Kenya, Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
[18] Gombya-Ssembajjwe, W. (1997). Conflicts in community forestry: experiences from Uganda. In: integrating conflict management considerations into national policy frameworks. Proceedings of a Satellite Meeting to the XI World Forestry Congress, 10-13 October, Antalya, Turkey.
[19] Oberschall, A. (1978). Theories of social conflict. Annual Review of Sociology, 4, 291-315.
[20] Appelbaum, R.P. (1970). Theories of social change. 1st Edition. Houghton Mifflin, Chicago.
[21] Quinney, R. (2000). Conflict theory of crime. In: Construction of deviance, social power, context, and interaction, Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler, (eds.). Belmont, Australia.
[22] Sellin, T. (1938). Cultural conflict and crime. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 97-103.
[23] Vold, G.B. (1958). Theoretical criminology, University of Delaware Press, New Jersey.
[24] Turk, A.T. (1969). Criminality and legal order. Rand McNally, Chicago.
[25] Turk, A.T. (1976). Law, conflict, and order: from theorizing toward theories. Canadian Review of Sociology, 13, 282-294.
[26] Javanmiri Pour, M., Mohammadkhani Gilani, N., & Rostami, A. (2022) Analysis of the most important issues in the natural areas of Zagros ecosystems, Gilan-e Gharb. Renewable Natural Resources Research, 4(2), 115-129. (In Persian)
[27] Mahmoudi. B., & Eshaghi Milasi. F. (2022) Investigation of violations related to natural resources in Lordegan township - Sardasht customary region. Iranian Journal of Forest, 13(4), 437-449. (In Persian)
[28] Kakavand, Z., Jalilvand, H., Pourmajidian, M., & Yarahmadi, A. (2012) Estimating ten years of violations and forest destruction in Varnamad and Cham Tekleh villages, Alashtar, Lorestan. International Conference on Environmental Planning and Management, Tehran. (In Persian)
[29] Mahmoudi. B. (2020). An introduction to the forests of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. 1st Edition. Jahad Daneshgahi Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
[30] Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage Publications.
[31] Ghaedi. M. R., & Golshani. A.R. (2016) Content analysis method: from quantitative to qualitative approach. Journal of Psychological Models and Methods, 23(7), 57-85. (In Persian)
[32] Neuman, W.L. (2014). Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches. 5th Edition. Allyn and Bacon.
[33] Zewdie, W., Csaplovics, E., & Inostroza, L. (2017). Monitoring ecosystem dynamics in northwestern Ethiopia using NDVI and climate variables to assess long term trends in dryland vegetation variability. Applied Geography, 79, 167-78.
[34] Kazemipour, S. (2004). Demography principles. 2nd edition. Asia and Pacific Population Research Center, Tehran. (In Persian)
[35] Gritten, D., & Mola-Yudego, B. (2011). Exploration of the relevance of geographical, environmental, and socio-economic indicators regarding forest conflict types. International Forestry Review, 13(1), 46-55.