تحلیل ناهمگنی ساختار توده در فاز تحولی تشکیل زیراشکوب در جنگل‌های هیرکانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی جنگل، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.

2 گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

10.22059/jfwp.2024.371286.1280

چکیده

امروزه بررسی ساختار جنگل از مباحث مورد توجه و ضروری؛ به‌ویژه در راستای اهداف جنگل‌شناسی نزدیک به طبیعت است. این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل کمی پیچیدگی ساختار توده در فاز تحولی تشکیل زیراشکوب در جنگل‌های راش شرقی (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) خیرود نوشهر انجام شد. پس از جنگل گردشی اولیه، سه قطعة یک هکتاری در فاز تحولی تشکیل زیراشکوب، انتخاب و آماربرداری صددرصد از کلیة پارامتر­های توده شامل قطر برابر سینه درختان، زادآوری طبیعی، اندازه و پراکنش روشنه‌های پوشش تاجی و خشک­دار­ها انجام شد. به‌منظور تحلیل پیچیدگی ساختار در توده­های جنگلی از شاخص­های پیچیدگی ساختار، کاکس، ضریب تغییرات و ضریب جینی قطر درختان استفاده شد. براساس نتایج پژوهش، در این فاز تحولی، بیشترین و کمترین فراوانی به‌ترتیب در طبقات قطری کم­قطر و درختان قطور است و منحنی پراکنش درختان به شکل نمایی کاهنده با شیب تند در طبقات کم قطر است. میانگین حجم خشک­دار، 30 مترمکعب و میانگین ضریب روشنة پوشش تاجی، 6/4 درصد به‌دست آمد. علاوه ­بر این، میانگین شاخص ­های ضریب جینی و ضریب تغییرات قطری به‌ترتیب 0/7 و 6 محاسبه شد که با توجه به مقدار عددی شاخص­ های پیچیدگی و ضریب کاکس، نشان از پیچیدگی مطلوب در ساختار توده در این فاز دارد. در زیراشکوب تشکیل شده، میانگین فراوانی، 306 اصله در هکتار بوده که گونة راش بیشترین فراوانی را به‌خود اختصاص داده است. براساس نتایج، برای حفظ ناهمگنی در جنگل ­های تحت مدیریت ضمن نگهداشت درختان قطور در توده، ضرورت اجرای عملیات تنظیم آمیختگی و تنک کردن از پایین پیشنهاد می­ شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing the heterogeneity of the stand structure in the understory initiation developmental phase in the Hyrcanian forests

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kiomars Sefidi 1
  • Roghaye Jahdi 1
  • Vahid Etemad 2
  • Mohammad Ataei 1
1 Department of Forest Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran.
2 Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Investigating forest structure is an important and necessary topic, especially in line with the goals of close-to-nature silviculture. This research aimed to quantitatively analyze the complexity of stand structure during the transformational phase of understory formation in the oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests of Kheyrud, Nowshahr. After field inspections, three one-hectare sample plots in the transformational phase of understory formation were selected, and a full inventory of all stand parameters, including tree diameter at breast height, natural regeneration, size and distribution of gaps, and deadwood, was carried out. To analyze the structural complexity in forest stands, the structure complexity indices, Cox coefficient, coefficient of variation, and Gini coefficient of tree diameter were used. According to the research results, in this evolutionary phase, the highest frequency is in small diameter classes, while the lowest frequency is in large trees. The distribution curve of trees forms a decreasing exponential with a steep slope in small diameter classes. The average deadwood volume was 30 m³, and the average gap factor of crown coverage was 6.4%. Additionally, the mean Gini coefficient and diameter change coefficient were 0.7 and 6, respectively. These values, along with the Cox coefficient, indicate optimal complexity in the stand structure during this phase. In the understory, the average abundance was 306 stems per hectare, with beech being the most abundant species. Based on these results, to maintain heterogeneity in the managed forests while preserving large trees in the stand, it is suggested to implement operations to increase the complexity of the forest stand structure and perform thinning from below.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Complexity index
  • Cox index
  • Deadwood
  • Developmental stages
  • Stand dynamics

مراجع

[1] Sefidi, K., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Etemad, V., & Mosandl, R. (2014). Late successional stage dynamics in natural oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands, northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 22(2), 270-283. (In Persian)
[2] Botkin, D. B. (1993). Forest dynamics: an ecological model. Oxford University Press.‏ 309 p.
[3] Husch, B., Beers, T.W., & Kershaw Jr., J.A. (2003). Forest Mensuration (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 86.
[4] Zukrigl, K., Eckhart, G., Nather, J., & Roller, M. (1963). Standortskundliche und waldbauliche Untersuchungen in Urwaldresten der niederösterreichischen Kalkalpen (pp. 1-244). Österr. Agrarverl.
[5] Korpel, S. (1995). Die Urwald der Westkarpaten.Gustav ficher velg, Stuttgart, 310 p.
[6] Moridi, M., Fallah, A., Pourmajidian, M.R., & Sefidi, K. (2021). Quantitative Analysis of Forest Structure at Growing Up Volume Stage in the Evaluation of Natural Beech Stands (Case Study: Kheyroud Forest). Iranian Journal of Forest, 13(2), 115-128. (In Persian)
[7] Pour-Gholi, Z., Iran-Doost, F., Sefidi, K., Sagheb Talebi, K.H., & Keivan-Behjo, F. (2019). Investigating the Structure of Beech Stands in the Gap Making Phase (Case study: Asalem Forests, Guilan). Ecology of Iranian Forests, 7(13), 29-35.
[8] Nobahar, S., Sefidi, K., & Sagheb-talebi, K.H. (2018). Quantifying the structure of beech stands at old growth phase (Case study: Asalem forests, northern Iran). Journal of Forest Research and Development, 4(1), 85-96. (In Persian)
[9] Moridi, M., Sefidi, K., & Etemad, V. (2015). Stand characteristics of mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in the stem exclusion phase, northern Iran. European Journal of Forest Research, 134(4), 693-703.
[10] Juchheim, J., Ehbrecht, M., Schall, P., Ammer, C., & Seidel, D. (2020). Effect of tree species mixing on stand structural complexity. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 93(1), 75-83.
[11] Willim, K., Stiers, M., Annighöfer, P., Ehbrecht, M., Ammer, C., & Seidel, D. (2020). Spatial patterns of structural complexity in differently managed and unmanaged beech-dominated forests in Central Europe. Remote Sensing, 12(12), 1907.
[12] Seidel, D., Ehbrecht, M., Dorji, Y., Jambay, J., Ammer, C., & Annighöfer, P. (2019). Identifying architectural characteristics that determine tree structural complexity. Trees, 33(3), 911-919.
[13] Sefidi, K. (2023). Comparison of structural complexity index (SCI) in the developmental stages of Hyrcanian mixed beech forests. Iranian Journal of Forest, 14(4), 389-405. (In Persian)
[14] Akhavan, R., Hassani, M., & Sadeghzadeh Halaj, M.H., 2023. The comparison of pure beech stands using SCI index in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran (Mazandaran province). Iranian Journal of Forest, 14(4), 445-456. (In Persian)
[15] Marvie Mohadjer M.R., Zobeiri, M., Etemad, V., & Jour Gholami, M. (2009). Performing the single selection method at compartment level and necessity for full inventory of tree species (Case study: Gorazbon district in Kheyrud Forest). Journal of the Iranian Natural Resources, 61(4), 889-908. (In Persian)
[16] Sagheb Talebi, K.H., Parjizkar, P., Hassani, M., Amanzadeh, B., Hemmati, A., Khanjani Shiraz, B., Amini, M., Mohammadnezhad Kiasari, S., Mirkazemi, S.Z., Karimidoost, A.A., Maghsudloo, K., Mortazavi, M., Delfan Abazari, B., & Karandeh, M. (2020). Regeneration and establishment of natural young generation in intact oriental beech stands of Hyrcanian forests. Forest Research and Development, 6(3), 519-541. (In Persian)
[17] Río del, M., Pretzsch, H., Alberdi, I., Bielak, K., Bravo, F., Brunner, A., Condés, S., Ducey, M.J, Fonseca, T., von Lüpke, N., Pach, M., Peric, S., Perot, T., Souidi, Z., Spathelf, P., Steba, H., Tijardovic, M., Tomé, M., Vallet, P., & Bravo-Oviedo, A. (2016). Characterization of the structure, dynamics, and productivity of mixed- species stands: review and perspectives. European Journal of Forest Research, 135(1), 23-49
[18] Spies, T.A., & Franklin, J.F. (1991). The structure of natural young, mature, and old growth Douglas fir forests in Oregon and Washington: 91-109. In: Ruggiero, L.F., Aubry, K.B., Carey, A.B., & Huff, M.H. (Eds.). Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests. USDA Forest Service General technical Report PNW-GTR, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, 533 p.
[19] Bachofen, H., & Zingg, A. (2001). Effectiveness of structure improvement thinning on stand structure in subalpine Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 145(1-2), 137-149.
[20] Zenner, E.K., Sagheb-Talebi, K., Akhavan, R., & Peck, J.E. (2015). Integration of small-scale canopy dynamics smoothes live-tree structural complexity across development stages in old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests at the multi- gap scale. Forest Ecology and Management, 335, 26-36.
[21] Neumann, M., & Starlinger, F., (2001). The significance of different indices for stand structure and diversity in forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 145(1-2), 91-106.
 [22] Fisher, R.A., Thornton, H.G., & Mackenzie, W.A. (1922). The accuracy of the platting method for estimating the density of bacterial populations with particular reference to the use of Thorenton's agar medium with soil samples. Annals of Applied Biology, 9(3-4), 325-359.
[23] Frelich, L.E., & Lorimer, C.G. (1991). Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the upper Great Lakes region. Ecological Monographs, 61(2), 145-164.
[24] Moridi, M., Etemad, V., Kakavand, M., Sagheb-Talebi, K.H., & Alibabaee Omran, E. (2016). Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of deadwood in the different development stages in mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands (Case study: Gorazbon district, Kheiroud forest of Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 23(4), 647-659. (In Persian)
[25] Sefidi, K., & Marvie Mohadjer, M.R. (2016). Dynamic of coarse woody debris among stand developmental stages of mixed beech (Fagus orientalis) forests. Forest Research and Development, 2(1), 17-32. (In Persian)
[26] Nasiri, N., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Etemad, V. & Sefidi, K. (2018). Natural regeneration of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) trees in canopy gaps and under closed canopy in a forest in northern Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 29, 1075-1081.
[27] Zenner, E.K., Peck, J.E., Hobi, M.L., & Commarmot, B. (2014). The dynamics of structure across scale in a primaeval European beech stand. Forestry an International Journal of Forest Research, 88(2), 180-189.
[28] Pommerening, A. (2002). Approaches to quantifying forest structures. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 75(3), 305-324.
نشریه جنگل و فرآورده های چوب
دوره 77، شماره 1
خرداد 1403
صفحه 35-46

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار