Investigation on resistance of different tree species to logging wounds (Case Study: District 1 of Asalem-Nav forest)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate professor of remote sensing and biometry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of Forest Sciences, Khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad University

Abstract

In this research resistance of six tree species to logging damages (bole wound) after 12 years were studied in district 1 of Asalem Nav forests. The data of extent and severity of damages on residual trees were collected immediately after logging operation from systematic sampling with circular 0.1 ha plots in the year of 2000. The damaged trees and wounds condition were reexamined in the year of 2012. The results of this study showed the resistance of trees to logging wounds is related to their specimen, diameter and wound size (P<0.01). The Lime tree (Tilia begonifolia) had the lowest ability to wound repairing, so 76.9% of wounds were lead to wood decay and 7.7% were lead to die of tree. The Beech tree (Fagus orientalis), after the Lime tree, had the highest sensitivity to logging damagei(9U7C_so the highest frequency of open wounds (28.8%) was observed in this species. The ability of wound repairing in Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) was higher than other species, so 78.1% of logging wounds absolutely were closed. The results showed that after 12 years 85.6% of wounds smaller than 25 cm2 in sizes were repaired. While, were not repaired any of bigger than 1001 cm2 in sizes wounds. The trees of < 20 cm in DBH had the minimum, but the trees of 41-60 cm in DBH had the maximum resistance to bole wounds. The reducing of logging damages on residual stand needs to adequate organization of felling and wood extraction operation in selection management.

Keywords


[1]. Majnounian, B., Jourgholami, M., Zobeiri, M., and Feghhi, J. (2009). Assessment of forest harvesting damage to residual stands and regenerations - a Case Study of Namkhaneh district in Kheyrud forest. Environmental Sciences, 7(1): 33-44.
[2]. Han, H. S. and Kellogg, L. D. (2003). Damage characteristics in young Doglas-fir stand from commercial thinning with four timber harvesting system. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 15(1): 147-156.
[3]. Smith, H. C., Miller, G. W., and Schuler, T. M. (1994). Closure of logging wounds after 10 years. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NE-692.
[4]. Pinard, M. A., Putz, F. E., Tay, J., and Sullivan, T. E. (1995). Creating timber harvesting guidelines for a reduced impact logging project in Malaysia. Journal of Forestry, 39(10): 41-45.
[5]. Sist, P., Sheil, D., Kartawinata, K., and Priyadi, H. (2003). Reduced impact logging in Indonesian Borneo: some results confirming the need for new silvicultural prescriptions. Forest Ecology and Management, 179 (1): 415–427.
[6]. Han, H. S., Kellogg, L. D., Filip, G. M., and Brown, T. D. (2000). Scar closure and future timber value losses from thinning damage in western Oregon. Forest Products Journal, 50(1): 36–42.
[7]. Limbeck-Lilenau, B. (2003). Residual stand damage caused by mechanized harvesting systems. In: Proceedings of meeting: High tech forest operations for mountainous terrain. Oct. 5-9, Sclaegl, Austria, 1-11.
[8]. Whitney, R. D. (1991). Quality of Eastern White pine 10 years after damaged by logging. Forestry Chronicle, 67(1): 23-26.
[9]. Fobes, E. W. (1958). Digest and bibliography of logging damage studies. U.S. Forest Prod. Lab. TGUR 16.
[10]. Camp, A. (2002). Damage to residual trees by four mechanized harvest systems operating in small-diameter, mixed conifer forests on steep slopes in northeastern Washington: A case study. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 17(1): 14-22.
[11]. Seablom, T. J. and Reed, D. D. (2005). Assessment of factors contributing to residual tree damage from mechanized harvesting in northern hardwoods. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 22(2): 124-131.
[12]. Arhipova, N., Gaitnieks, T., Donis, J., Stenlid, J., and vasaitis, R. (2011). Decay, yield loss and associated fungi in stands of grey alder (Alnusincana) in Latvia. Forestry, 84(4): 337-348.
[13]. Naghdi, R., Rafatnia, N., Bagheri, I., and Hemati, V. (2008). Evaluation of residual damage in felling gaps and extraction routes in single selection method (Siyahkal forest). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 16(1): 87-98.
[14]. Solgi, A. and Najafi, A. (2007). Investigation of residual tree damage during ground- based skidding. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(10): 1755-1758.
[15]. Tavankar, F., Bonyad, A. E., and Majnounian, B. (2011). Investigation of damages to stand caused by selection cutting using skidding system in the Asalem-Nav forest.Journal of Environmental Studies, 37(3): 89-98.
[16]. Jourgholami, M., Rizvandi, V., and Majnounian, B. (2012). Evaluating the extent, patterns, size and distribution of tree scars following skidding operation (Case study: Kheyrud forest). Iranian Journal of Forest, 4(3): 187-196.
[17]. Nyland, R. D. (1994). Careful logging in northern hardwoods. In Logging damage: the problems and practical solutions. Ministry of Natural Resources, Forest Research Paper, 117: 29-51.
[18]. Tavankar, F., Majnounian, B., and Bonyad, A. E. (2013). Felling and skidding damage to residual trees following selection cutting in Caspian forests of Iran. Journal of Forest Science, 59(5): 196-203.
[19]. Clatterbuck, K. W. (2006). Logging damage to residual trees following commercial harvesting to different overstory retention levels in a mature hardwood stand in Tennessee. In: Proceedings of the 13thbiennial southern silvicultural research conference, Asheville, U.S.A, pp. 591-594.
[20]. Putz, F. E., Dykstra, D. P., and Heinric, R. (2000). Why poor logging practices persist in the tropics. Journal of Conservation Biology, 14(4): 951-956.
[21]. Whitman, A., Brokaw, N., and Hagan, H. (1997). Forest damage caused by selection logging of mahogany in northern Belize. Forest Ecology and Management, 92(1): 87-96.
[22]. Anonymous, (2000). List of selected trees to harvesting. Asalem Natural Resources Office.
[23]. Jourgholami, M. (2012). Operational impacts to residual stands following ground-based skidding in Hyrcanian Forest, northern Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 23(2): 333-337.
[24]. Jourgholami, M. and Majnounian, B. (2010). Evaluating and comparison of environmental impacts of two logging methods (Case Study: Namkhaneh District in Kheyrud Forest). Journal of Natural Environment, 63(3): 249-265.
[25]. Nikooy, M., Rashidi, R., and Kocheki, G. (2010). Residual trees injury assessment after selective cutting in broadleaf forest in Shafaroud. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(2): 173-179.
[26]. Lotfalian, M., Majnonian, B., Rezvanfar, M., and Parsakho, A. (2009). Investigation of damages due to forest logging under selection cutting system on stand and regeneration. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 46(4): 363-372.
[27]. Meadows, J. S. (1993). Logging damage to residual trees following partial cutting in a green Ash-Sugarberry stand in the Mississippi Delta. In: Proceedings of 9th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, Mar. 8-10 IN, U.S.A. 248-260.
[28]. Ficklin, R. L., Dwyer, J. P., Cutter, B. E., and Draper, T. (1997). Residual tree damage during selection cuts using two skidding system in the Missouri Ozaraks. In: Proceedings of 11th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference. Mar. 23-26 MO, Columbia, 35-46.
[29]. Hartsough, B. (2003). Economics of harvesting to maintain high structural diversity and resulting damage to residual trees. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 18 (2): 133-142.
[30]. Tavankar, F., Bonyad, A. E., Majnounian, B., and Iranparast Bodaghi, A. (2010). Investigation on the damages to residual trees by ground-based logging system (Case Study: Asalem-Nav forest area). Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 17(2): 57-72.
[31]. Han, H. S. and Kellogg, L. D. (2000). A comparison of sampling method and a proposed quick survey for measuring residual stand damage from commercial thinning. Journal of Forest Engineering, 11: 63-69.
[32]. Picchio, R., Neri, F., Maesano, M., Savelli, S., Sirna, A., Blasi, S., Baldini, S., and Marchi, E. (2011). Growth effects of thinning damage in a Corsican pine (Pinus laricio Poiret) stand in central Italy. Forest Ecology and Management, 262, 237–243.
[33]. Kartoolinejad, D., Najafi, A., and Kazemi-Najafi, S. (2013). Decay evaluation of damaged beech trees (Fagus orientalis L.) adjacent to skid trails by nondestructive stress wave technique. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 20(4): 622-633.
[34]. Vasiliauskas, R. (2001). Damage to trees due to forestry operations and its pathological significance in temperate forest: a literature review. Forestry 74: 319–336.
[35]. Vasiliauskas, R. (1994). Wound healing rate and its influence spread of decay in spruce. Forest Research, 34, 207-212.
[36]. Camilli, K., Appel, D. N., and Watson, T. (2007). Studies on pruning cuts and wound dressing for Oak wilt control. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, 33(2): 132-139.
[37]. Zali, A. A. and Jafari-Shabestari, J. (1993). Introduction to probability and statistics, University of Tehran Press, Tehran.
[38]. Mrvie Mohadjer, M. R. (2004). Silviculture of Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), experiences made in Caspian Forest, North of Iran. In: Proceedings of International Beech Symposium. May 10-20 Tehran, Iran, 15-17.
[39]. Moshtagh Kahnamoie, M. H., Bijker, W., and Sagheb–Talebi, K. (2004). The relation between annual diameter increment of Fagus orientalis and environmental factors (Hyrcanian forest). In: Proceeding of International Beech Symposium. May 10-20 Tehran, Iran, 76-82.
[40]. Ershadifar, M., Nikooy, M., and Naghdi, R. (2011). Ability assessment of felling crew in directional felling in west forest of Guilan province. Iranian Journal of Forest, 3(2): 169-176.
[41]. Naghdi, R., Bagheri, I., Taheri, K., and Akef, M. (2007). Evaluation of assortment logging method with respect to residual damage in Shefarood forest (North of Iran). Journal of the Iranian Natural Resources, 60(3): 931-947.
[42]. Rizvandi, V. and Jourgholami, M. (2012). Production and cost comparison of conventional and directional tree felling (Case study: in Kheyrud forest). Iranian Journal of Forest, 4(1): 1-11.
[43]. Dykstra, D. A. and Heinrich, R. (1992). Sustaining tropical forest through environmentally sound timber harvesting practices. Unasylva, 139: 237-255.