Extraction and Characterization of Hydrophilic Extractives of Hardwood Knots

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M. Sc. Stdudent, Department of Wood and Paper Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Wood and Paper Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Food Industry, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran

4 Ph. D. Student of Polymer Chemistry, Jahad Daneshgahi, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. Iran

Abstract

In this study, hydrophilic extractives of Beech, maple, alder and hornbeam knots were isolated and characterized by means of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC / MS). Also, antioxidant activity of the extracts extractives was studied. Hydrophilic compounds of the extractives were isolated by soaking the wood flour in the solvent. Isolation was made using a hexane pretreatment for removing the lipophilic moieties followed by an ethanol - water (v/v1: 9) treatment. Results showed that the type and amount of extractives in different species is different and maximum yield of 33.4 % was obtained for hornbeam knots. TLC analysis showed that the compounds in ethanol extract were separated in only two distinct bands. Comparative evaluation of the total phenolics by Folin- ciocalteu and GC/MS analysis showed that extraction by simple soaking can accurately represent the amount of phenolic compounds in the extracts. Studying the antioxidant properties of extracts using DPPH radical scavenging and Iron (II) chelating capacity showed that the antioxidant activity is dependent to the amount and type of phenolics in the extracts.

Keywords


 
[1]. Neacus, M., Eklund, P. C., Sjoholm, R. E., Pietarinen, S. P., Ahotupa, M. O., Holmbom, B. R., and willfor, S. M. (2007). Antioxidant flavonoids from knotwood of Jack pine and European aspen. Holz Roh Werkst, 65: 1-6.
[2]. Willfor, S., Hemming, J., Reunanen, M., Eckerman, C., and Holmbom, B. (2003). Lignans and lipophilic extractivesin Norway spruce knots and stemwood. Holzforschung, 57 (1): 27-36.
[3]. Holmbom, B., Echerman, C., Eklund, P., Hemming, J., Nisula, L., Reunanen, M., Sjoholm, R., Sundberg, A., Sundberg, K., and Willfor, S. (2003). Knots in trees-Anew rich source of lignans. Phytochemistry Reviews, 2: 331-340.
[4]. Holmbom, B., Willfor, S., Hemming, J., pietarinen, S., Nisula, L., Eklund, P., and Sjoholm, R. (2007). Knot in trees: A rich source of bioactive polyphenols. In: Materials, Chemicals and Energy from Forest Biomass. Eds: Argyropoulos, D., Oxford University press. 350-362.
[5]. Si, C. L., Jiang, J. Z., Liu, S. C., Hu, H. Y., Ren, X. D., Yu, G. J., and Xu, G. H. (2013). Anew lignan glycoside and phenolics from the branch wood of pinus banksiana Lambert. Holzforschung, 67 (4): 357-363.
[6]. Piispanen, R., Willfor, S., Saranpaa, P., and Holmbom, B. (2008). Variation of lignans in Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) Knotwood: within- stem vaviation and the effect of fertilization at two experimental sites in Finland. Trees, 22: 317-328.
[7]. Pietarinen, S. P., Willfor, S. M., Ahotupa, M. O., Hemming, J. E., and Holmbom, B. R. (2006). Knotwood and bark extracts: strong antioxidant from waste materials. Wood Science, 52: 436-444.
[8]. Lindberg, L. E., Willfor, S. M., and Holmbom, B. R. (2004). Antibacterial effects of knotwood extractives on paper mill bacteria. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 31: 137-147.
[9]. Ramamoorthy, P. K. and Bono, A. (2007). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of morinda citrifolia frust extracts from various extraction processes. Engineering Science and Technology, 2(1): 70-80.
[10]. Shimada, K., Fujikawa, K., Yahara, K., and Nakamura, T. (1992). Antioxidative properties of xanthin on autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40: 945-948.
[11]. Dinis, T. C. P., Mederia, V. M., and Almeida, L. M. (1994). Action of phenolic derivates (acetoaminophen, salycilate and 5- aminosalycilate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 315: 161-169.
[12]. Umezawa, T. (2001). Chemistry of Extractives. Kyoto: Kyoto University press. 213-232.