[1]. Singh, G. (2010). Plant Systematics: An integrated approach, 3rd Ed., Science Publishers,
United States.
[2]. Wheeler, E.A., and Manchester, S.R. (2007). Review of the wood anatomy of extant Ulmaceae
as context for new reports of late Eocene Ulmus woods. Bulletin of Geosciences, 82(4): 329–342.
[3]. Ilvessalo-Pfäffli, M.S. (1995). Fiber atlas: identification of papermaking fibers, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin.
[4]. Denk, T., and Dilhoff, R.M. (2005). Ulmus leaves and fruits from the Early–Middle Eocene
of northwestern North America: systematics and implications for character evolution within
Ulmaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany, 83(12): 1663-1681.
[5]. Rackham, O. (2003). Ancient woodland: its history, vegetation and uses, 2nd Ed., Castlepoint
Press, Scotland.
[6]. Iraqi, M.M., Rahnama, K., Mostafa, M., and Marandi, M. (2008). Investigation on isolates
of fungus the causal agent of Dutch elm disease in some areas of Golestan province and their
pathogenesis effect on Ulmus species. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,
15(4): 186-194.
[7] Barbour, K.A., and Brinkman. J.R. (2005). Ulmus L. in U.S. Forest Service Woody Plant Seed
Manual. http://nsl.fs.fed.us (10/06/2011).
[8]. Mohadjer, M.R. (2005). Silviculture, University of Tehran Press, Tehran.
[9]. Sabeti, H. (1999). Iranian Forests, Trees and Shrubs, University of Science and Industry, Tehran.
[10]. Mozaffarian, V. (2005). Trees and shrubs of Iran, Farhang Moaser Publication, Tehran.
[11]. Biggerstaffe, C., Iles, J.K., and Gleason, M.L. (1999). Sustainable urban landscapes: Dutch
elm disease and disease-resistant elms. SUL-4, Iowa State University.
[12]. Pooler, M.R., and Townsend, A.M. (2005). DNA fingerprinting of clones and hybrids of
American Elm and other Elm species with AFLP markers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture,
23(3); 113-117.
[13]. Zhong, Y., Baas, P., and Wheeler, E.A. (1992). Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China.
IV. Ulmaceae. IAWA Bulletin, 13: 419-453.
[14]. Wheeler, E., Lapasha, C.A., and Miller, R.B. (1989b). Wood anatomy of Elm (Ulmus) and
Hackberry (Celtic) species native to the United States. IAWA Bulletin, 10: 5-26.
[15]. Schweingruber, F.H. (1990). Anatomy of European Woods, Paul Haupt Berne and Stuttgart
Publishers.
[16]. Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., and Kienast, F. (2004). Wood anatomy of central
European Species. Online version: www.woodanatomy.ch (05/02/2011).
[17]. FFPRI Wood Identification Database Team 2002 onwards. Microscopic identification of
Japanese woods. http://f030091.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/index-E3.html (18/02/2011).
[18]. Pearson, R.S., and Brown, H.P. (1932). Commercial timbers of India. Their distribution,
supplies, anatomical structure, physical and mechanical properties and uses, Volume II.
Government of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta.
[19]. Parsa Pajouh, D., and Schweingruber, F.H. (2001). Atlas of the woods of north of Iran, 3rd Ed.
Tehran University Publications, Tehran.
[20]. Safdari, V., and Golchinfar, M. (2011). Comparative wood anatomy of Wych Elm, English
Elm, Caucasian Elm and Hackberry. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Science Research, 26(3):
564-578.
[21]. Carlquist, S. (2001). Comparative Wood Anatomy. Systematic, Ecological, and Evolutionary
Aspects of Dicotyledon Wood, 2nd Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
[22]. Sweitzer, E.M. (1971). Comparative anatomy of the Ulmaceae. Journal of the Arnold
Arboretum, 52: 523-585.
[23]. Jansen, S., Choat, B., Vinckier, S., Lens, F., Schols, P., and Smets, E. (2004). Intervascular pit
membranes with a torus in the wood of Ulmus (Ulmaceae) and related genera. New Phytologist,
163(1): 51–59.
[24]. Wheeler, E.A., Baas, P., and Gasson, P. (1989a). IAWA list of microscopic features for
hardwood identification. IAWA Bulletin, 10: 219-332.
[25]. Franklin, G.L. (1945). Preparation of thin sections of synthetic resins and wood-resin
composites, and a new macerating method for wood. Nature, 155(3924): 51.
[26]. Thomas, P. (2000). Trees: Their Natural History, 2nd Ed., Cambridge, United Kingdom.
[27]. Bissing, D.R. (1982). Variation in qualitative anatomical features of the xylem of selected
dicotyledonous woods in relation to water availability. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,
109: 371-384.
[27]. Carlquist, S. (1977). Ecological factors in wood evolution: a floristic approach. American
Journal of Botany, 64 (7): 887-896.
[28]. Solla, A., Martín, J.A., Corral, P., and Gil, L. (2005). Seasonal changes in wood formation of
Ulmus pumila and U. minor and its relation with Dutch elm disease. New Phytologist, 166(3):
1025–1034.
[29]. Ellmore, G.S., and Ewers, F.W. (1985). Hydraulic conductivity in trunk xylem of elm, Ulmus
americana. IAWA Bulletin, 6: 303-307.
[30]. Bayramzadeh, V., Attarod, P., Ahmadi, M.T., Rezaee Amruabadi, S.H., and Kubo T. (2011).
Does the climate of the origin control anatomical characteristics of the vessel elements as well as
different foliar traits in Fagus crenata? Journal of Forest Science, 57 (9): 377–383.
[31]. Jeje, A.A., and Zimmermann, M.H. (1979). Resistance to water flow in xylem vessels. Journal
of Experimental Botany, 30: 817-827.
[32]. Kohonen, M. (2006). Engineered wettability in tree capillaries. Langmuir, 22(7): 3148-3153.
[33]. Schweingruber, F.H. 2007. Wood structure and environment, Springer Series in Wood Science,
Springer, Heidelberg.
[34]. Hosseini, Z. (2000). Fiber Morphology in wood and pulp, Gorgan University of Agricultural
Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan.
[35]. Adamopoulos, S. (2006). Identification of fibre components in packaging grade papers. IAWA
Journal, 27(2): 153–172.
[36]. Richter, H.G., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2000 onwards. Commercial timbers: descriptions,
illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. In English, French, German, Portuguese,
and Spanish. Version: 25th June 2009. http://delta-intkey.com (07/01/2011).
[37]. InsideWood. 2004-onwards. Published on the Internet. http://insidewood.lib.ncsu.edu/search
(07/01/2011).
[38]. Canny, M.J. (1997). Tyloses and the maintenance of transpiration. Annals of Botany, 80: 565–
570.
[39]. McElrone A.J., Grant, J.A., and Kluepfel, D.A. (2010). The role of tyloses in crown hydraulic
failure of mature walnut trees afflicted by apoplexy disorder. Tree Physiology, 30(6): 761-772.
[40] Bakhshi, R., Kiaei, M., and Veylaki, S. (2011). The effect of climate on fiber properties of
Maple wood (Acer velutinum Boiss). Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 8 (4): 739-746.
[41]. Wang, D., and Furukawa, I. (2008). Dendroclimatological studies of elm [Ulmus] trees grown
in the Hunshandak Desert in China. Sand Dune Research, 54(3): 139-146.
[42]. Nishida, M., Nishida, H., and Ohsawa,T. (1989). Comparison of the petrified woods from the
Cretaceous and Tertiary of Antarctica and Patagonia. In: Proceedings of the National Institute of
Polar Research Symposium on Polar Biology, Tokyo, 2: 198-212. Japan.
[43]. Gasson, P., Miller, R., Stekel, D.J., Whinder, F., and Ziemin, K. (2010). Wood identification
of Dalbergia nigra (CITES Appendix I) using quantitative wood anatomy, principal components
analysis and naïve Bayes classification. Annals of Botany, 105(1): 45–56.
[44]. Hart, G., and Jay, B.A. (1971). Microscopic structure of hardwoods with terms, definitions and
drawings, Teaching Aid No. 6, Timber Research and Development Association, High Wycombe
)