پاسخ ‎ریخت‌شناسی برگ گونه‎های بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii) و بنه (Pistacia atlantica) به گرادیان ارتفاع از سطح دریا در جنگل‌های زاگرس، ایلام

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه جنگلداری، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، مازندران، ایران.

2 گروه علوم جنگل، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ایلام. ایلام، ایران.

10.22059/jfwp.2023.358147.1251

چکیده

این پژوهش به بررسی خصوصیات ریخت‌شناسی برگ گونة بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii) و بنه (Pistacia atlantica) در 15 رویشگاه جنگلی استان ایلام و در محدودة ارتفاعی حدود 1000 متر (از حدود 1100 تا حدود 2000 متر از سطح دریا)، می‎پردازد. در هر رویشگاه و از هر گونه، پنج پایه درخت سالم و از هر پایه پنج برگ سالم و بالغ از قسمت بیرونی و وسط تاج جمع‌آوری شدند. صفات شاخص سطح برگ، طول دمبرگ، طول رگبرگ اصلی، محیط برگ، طول پهنک، عرض پهنک و تعداد دندانه‎های حاشیة برگ اندازه‎گیری شدند. داده‌ها براساس طرح آماری آشیانه‎ای تجزیه و تحلیل شده و میانگین ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی با آزمون چند دامنه‌ای LSD مقایسه شدند. نتایج حاکی از اختلاف معنی­دار بین تمام صفات مورد مطالعه در بین رویشگاه‌ها به تغییرات ارتفاع بود. در گونة بلوط ایرانی، صفات طول دمبرگ (1/72سانتی‌متر)، محیط ‌برگ (20/23سانتی‌متر)، طول برگ (8/17 سانتی‌متر)، عرض برگ (4/43 سانتی‌متر) و سطح برگ (28/16 سانتی‌متر مربع) در ارتفاعات بالاتر دارای میانگین بیشتری نسبت به ارتفاعات پایین‌تر بودند. اما، میانگین صفات تعداد دندانه‌های چپ و راست برگ به ترتیب 12/26و 12/47، میانگین وزنی بیشتری را در ارتفاعات پایین نشان دادند. در گونة بنه، صفات اندازه‌گیری‌شده در ارتفاعات بالاتر همانند طول دمبرگ (0/46 سانتی‌متر)، محیط برگ (13/98سانتی‌متر)، طول برگ (5/533 سانتی‌متر)، عرض برگ (3/29 سانتی‌متر) و سطح برگ (12/31سانتی‌متر مربع) دارای میانگین بیشتری و تفاوت معنی‌داری با صفات مورد اندازه‌گیری در ارتفاعات پایین‌تر به‌ترتیب: 0/24 سانتی‌متر، 12/26سانتی‌متر، 5/18 سانتی‌متر، 3/0 سانتی‌متر و 10/85سانتی‌متر مربع داشتند. وجود تغییرات معنی‎دار درون جمعیتی، ایدة تنوع ریختی درون جمعیت‎ها را برای گونة بلوط و بنه در سطح منطقه‌ای و حتی در زاگرس تا حدودی تقویت می‎کند. از میان ویژگی‏ های مورد مطالعه آن‌هایی که تأثیرپذیری کمتری نسبت به تغییرات محیطی دارند، می‎تواند در تفکیک گونه‎ها به‌عنوان صفت متمایز‌کننده مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Morphological response of leaves of Persian oak (Quercus brantii) and wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica) to elevation gradient in the Zagros forests, Ilam

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mosa Kianfar 1
  • Hamid Jalilvand 1
  • Hamed Asadi 1
  • Hamid Reza Naji 2
1 Department of Forest Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
2 Department of Forest Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Plant leaves react to environmental changes with high adaptability. This study investigated the morphological characteristics of Persian oak (Quercus brantii) and wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica) leaves from 15 forest sites in Ilam province at an elevation range of 1000 m (from 1111 to 2048 m a.s.l.). At each site and for each tree species, five healthy individuals and five healthy and mature leaves were collected from the outside and middle of the crown. The leaf area index, petiole length, main vein length, leaf circumference, blade length, blade width, and the number of leaf margin dentations were measured. The data were analyzed based on the nested research design, and the means of the studied traits were compared using the LSD test. In the Persian oak trees, the results showed that the petiole length (1.72 cm), leaf circumference (20.23 cm), leaf length (8.17 cm), leaf width (4.43 cm), and leaf area (28.16 cm2) at higher elevations had higher averages than at lower elevations. However, the number of leaf left and right dentations were 12.26 and 12.47, respectively, indicating higher average weight at lower altitudes. In pistachio, all measured characteristics like petiole length (0.46 cm), leaf circumference (13.98 cm), leaf length (5.53 cm) and leaf width (3.29 cm), and leaf area (12.31 cm2) at higher elevations had higher averages than the lower elevations as 0.24 cm, 12.26 cm, 5.18 cm, 3.0 cm, and 10.85 cm2. The significant intra-population changes strengthen the idea of intra-population morphological diversity for oak species at the regional level and even in Zagros to some extent. Among the studied features, those that are less sensitive to environmental changes can be used as distinguishing features for species separation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Adaptability
  • Elevation changes
  • Intra-population variations
  • Leaf functional characteristics
  • Zagros Forest

مراجع

[1] Mozaffarian, V. (2004). Trees and Shrubs of Iran. Farhange Moaser. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
[2] Mozaffarian, V. (2008). Flora of Ilam. Farhange Moaser. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
[3] Sabeti, H. (2002). Forests, Trees and Shrubs of Iran. 3rd eds, Yazd University Press, Yazd. (In Persian)
[4] Yousefi, B. (2015). Comparison of morphological and chemical properties of wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica) fruit across two habitats in Kurdistan Province. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 2(23), 368-378. (In Persian)
[5] Barnes, B.V. (1975). Phenotypic variation of trembling aspen in western North America. Forest Science, 21, 28-341.
[6] Hegazy, K., Fahmy, G.M., Ali, M.I., & Gomaa, N.H. (2004). Vegetation diversity in natural and agro-ecosystems of arid lands. Community Ecology, 5(2), 163-176.
[7] Zhong, M., Wany, J., Liu, K., Wu, R., Liu, Y., Wei, X., Pan, D., & Shao. X. (2014). Leaf morphological shift of three dominant species along altitudinal gradient in an alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Polish Journal of Ecology, 62(4), 639-648.
[8] Li, Y., Zhang, Y., liao, P., Wang, T., Wang, X., Ueno, S., & Du. F. (2021). Genetic, geographic, and climatic factors jointly shape leaf morphology of an alpine oak, Quercus aquifolioides Rehder E.H. Wilson. Annals of Forest Science, 78(64), 1-18.
[9] Savadkohi, F., Gurbanli, M., & Satarian, A. (2013). Investigation of the effect of habitat height on the leaf morphology of Carpinus betulus in Shastaklatate forest of Gorgan. Journal of Plant and Ecosystem, 9(37), 3-15. (In Persian)
[10] Sekhavati, N., & Yaghotipoor, A. (2020). Morphological assessment of Quercus brantii Lindel. leaves in Zagros forests, Kermanshah. Journal of Environmental Studies, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, 10(4), 1-5. (In Persian)
[11] Hoseinzadeh, J., & Saeb, K. (2011). Morphological diversity of Amygdalus arabica Oliv. In natural forests of Ilam province, Iran. Journal of Biodiversity and Ecological Sciences, 1(3), 245-248.
[12] Benhassaini, H., & El Zerey-Belaskri, A. (2016). Morphological leaf variability in natural populations of Pistacia atlantica Desf. subsp. atlantica along climatic gradient: new features to update Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica key. International Journal of Biometeorology, 60, 577-589.
[13] Royer, D L., McElwain., J.C. Adams, J.M., & Wilf, P. (2008). Sensitivity of leaf size and shape to climate within Acer rubrum and Quercus kelloggii. New Phytologist, 179(3): 808-817.
[14] Royer, D.L., Meyerson, L.A., Robertson, K.M., & Adams, J.M. (2009). Phenotypic Plasticity of Leaf Shape along a Temperature Gradient in Acer rubrum. PLOS ONE, 4 (10), e7653.
[15] Jahdi, R., Arabi, M., & Bussotti, F. (2020). Effect of environmental gradients on leaf morphological traits in the Fandoghlo forest region (NW Iran). iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 13(6), 523.
[16] Walls, R.L. (2011). Angiosperm leaf vein patterns are linked to leaf functions in a global-scale data set. American Journal of Botany, 98(2), 244-253.
[17] Wang, M., Wan, P., Guo, J., Xu, J., Chai, Y., & Yue, M. (2017). Relationships among leaf, stem and root traits of the dominant shrubs from four vegetation zones in Shaanxi Province. China Journal of Ecology and Evolution, 63(2), 25-32.
[18] Mohebi Bijarpasi, M., Rostami Shahraji, T., & Samizadeh Lahij, H. (2018). Changes in leaf morphological characteristics of Fagus orientalis Lipsky. along altitudinal gradients (Case study: Guilan forests, Masal). Journal of Forest Research and Development, 5(1), 27-40.
[19] Zhao, N. (2014). The altitudinal patterns of leaf C: N: P stoichiometry are regulated by plant growth from, climate and soil on Changbai Mountain, China. Plos One, 9(4), e95196.
[20] Zare, H., Akbarinia, M., Hendas, L., & Amini, T. (2021). Investigating abundance distribution and parametric models of diversity in bark mosses in relation to altitude changes of Caspian forests, south of Nowshahr. Iranian Journal of Forest, 12(4), 591-606. (In Persian)[21] Lopez-Iglesias, B., Villar, R., & Poorter, L. (2014). Functional traits predict drought performance and distribution of Mediterranean woody species. Acta Oecologica, 56, 10-18.
[22] Linhart, Y., & Grant, M.C. (1996). Evolutionary significance of local genetic differentiation in plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic, 27, 237-277.
[23] Rostamikia, Y., Fattahi, M., & Imani, A.A. (2009). Investigation of genetic diversity of wild pistachio using fruit and leaf morphological characteristics. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 17(2), 284-294.
[24] Court-Pincon, M., Gadbin-Henry, C., Guibal, F., & Roux, K. (2004). Dendrometery and morphometry of Pinus pinea L. in lower province (France): adaptability and variability of provenances. Forest Ecology and Management, 194, 319-333.
[25] Jafari Sayadi, M.H., Marvi Mohajer, M.R., Mozafari J., & Sobhani, H. (2006). Morphological Leaf characteristics of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) in Iranian population. Journal Iran Forest and Spruce Research, 14 (1), 1-19. (In Persian)
[26] Yosefzadeh, H., Akbarian, M., & Akbarinia, M. (2008). Variation in leaf morphology of Parotia persica along an elevational gradient in eastern Mazandaran province (N. Iran). Rostaniha, 9(2), 178-189. (In Persian)
[27] Zarafshar, M., Akbarinia, M., Yosefzadeh, H., & Sattarian, H. (2009). The study of diversity in leaf and Fruit morphological characters of Celtis australis L. in various geographical conditions. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 17(1), 88-99. (In Persian)
[28] Akhondnejad, S., Nejadsattari, T., Sattarian, A. Asri, Y., & Bagheri, M.B. (2010). The study of diversity in leaf, breack and fruit morphological characters of Carpinus betulus in various geographical conditions. Plant Science Research Quarterly, 3(5), 64-73. (In Persian)
[29] Moradi, S., & Zolfaghari, R. (2016). Leaf morphology Variation in Brant Oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) in Relation to Altitude Gradient. Iranian Journal of Forest Ecosystem Research, 2(2), 61-77. (In Persian)
[30] Field, T.S., Sage, T.L., Czerniak, C., & Iles, W.J. (2005). Hydathodal leaf teeth of Chloranthus japonicus (Chloranthaceae) prevent guttation induced flooding of the mesophyll. Journal of Plant, Cell and Environment, 28(9), 1179-1190.
[31] Baharvandi, S., Alvaninejad, S., & Zolfaghari, R. (2017). Evaluation of morphological diversity of leaf and fruit in natural populations of Pyrus glabra Boiss. In southern Zagros forests, Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 25(1), 172-185. (In Persian)
[32] Poorter, H., Niinemets, U., Poorter, L., Wright, I.J., & Villar, R. 2009. Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): a meta-analysis. New Phytologist, 182(3), 565-588.
[33] Xu. X.H., Sun, B.N., Wang, J., & Dong, C. (2015). A Taxus leafy branch with attached ovules from the lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, North China. Cretaceous Research, 54, 266-282.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار