تأثیر مالچ‌های آلی در بازیابی خصوصیات فیزیکی خاک‌های فشرده در مسیرهای چوبکشی (مطالعۀ موردی: جنگل خیرود)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 استاد گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

3 استاد گروه احیای مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

چکیده

اقدامات مدیریتی متنوعی مانند تیمارهای شیار و پشته، استفاده از انحراف‌دهنده‌های چوبی و مالچ‌پاشی آلی در مسیرهای چوبکشی برای کاهش آثار منفی رواناب‌های سطحی و خطرهای سیل اعمال شده است. با این‌حال، تحقیقات دربارۀ تأثیر چنین تیمارهایی در بازیابی خصوصیات خاک کمیاب است. در این تحقیق، تأثیر مالچ‌های آلی شامل لاشبرگ، کلش برنج و خاک‌اره بر بازیابی خصوصیات فیزیکی خاک کوبیده‌شده مسیرهای چوبکشی (وزن مخصوص ظاهری، تخلخل، مقاومت به نفوذ و بافت خاک)، دو سال بعد از عملیات بهره‌برداری ارزیابی و آزمایش شد. براساس نتایج، تیمار مالچ‌های لاشبرگ، کلش برنج و خاک‌اره، اثر معنی‌داری بر بازیابی وزن مخصوص ظاهری، تخلخل و مقاومت به نفوذ خاک داشت، ولی بر اجزای رس و لای بافت خاک اثر معنی‌داری نداشت. همچنین مالچ لاشبرگ دارای بیشترین تأثیر در بازیابی مشخصه‌های فیزیکی خاک نسبت به دو مالچ کلش و خاک‌اره بود. همچنین در عمق سطحی (5-0 سانتی‌متری) در مقایسه با عمق 10-5 سانتی‌متری، تأثیر مالچ بیشتر و معنی‌دار بود. می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که کاربرد انواع مالچ، سبب بازیابی و بهبود مشخصه‌های فیزیکی خاک پس از عملیات چوبکشی در طی دوره‌ای دوساله نسبت به مسیر چوبکشی بدون تیمار می‌شود. با این‌حال، مقادیر مشخصه‌های فیزیکی خاک هنوز کمتر از مقادیر اندازه‌گیری‌شده در منطقۀ شاهد (دست‌نخورده) بود که نشان می‌دهد دو سال زمان، برای بازگرداندن مشخصه‌های فیزیکی خاک به سطوح قبل از تردد ماشین در منطقۀ پژوهش کافی نبوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of organic mulches on recovery process in soil physical properties in the compacted soil in the skid trails (Case study: Kheyrud forest)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Azadeh Khoramizadeh 1
  • Meghdad Jourgholami 2
  • Mohammad Jafari 3
1 Ph.D. student of forest engineering, Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran
2 Prof., Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran
3 Prof., Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran
چکیده [English]

Various engineering measures, such as mulching, have been applied to skid trails to suppress the negative effects of surface runoff and flood hazards. However, study on the effectiveness of such treatments to restore soil properties is scarce. In this study, the effect of organic mulches including leaf litter, rice straw and sawdust on the recovery of physical properties of compacted soil of skid trails (i.e., soil bulk density, porosity, resistance to penetration and soil texture) was evaluated and tested two years after skidding operations compared to untreated trails and undisturbed (control) area. The results showed that the treatment of leaf litter mulch, rice straw and sawdust had a significant effect on the recovery of soil bulk density, porosity and soil penetration resistance, but had no significant effect on soil texture. The results showed that litter mulch has the greatest effect on the recovery of soil physical characteristics compared to straw and sawdust mulch. However, for two years, the soil texture was not affected by the type and amount of mulch. Also, in the surface depth, the effects of mulch are more significant. We can conclude that the applying different organic mulches increased levels of each mulch moderately ameliorated soil physical properties, after mechanized operations over a two-year period, compared to the untreated treatment; however, the values of soil properties were still lower than those in the undisturbed (control) area, indicating that two years is not long enough to restore the soil properties to pre-harvest levels in the study area.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil recovery
  • Soil compaction
  • Physical properties
  • Leaf litter
  • Rice straw
  • Sawdust
[1]. Ampoorter, E., De Schrijver, A., De Frenne, P., Hermy, M., and Verheyen, K. (2011). Experimental assessment of ecological restoration options for compacted forest soils. Ecological Engineering, 37(11): 1734-1746.
[2]. Jourgholami, M., Nasirian, A., and Labelle, E.R. (2018). Ecological restoration of compacted soil following the application of different leaf litter mulches on the skid trail over a five-year period. Sustainability, 10, 2148.
[3]. Picchio, R., Venanzi, R., Tavankar, F., Luchenti, I., Iranparast Bodaghi, A., Latterini, F., Nikooy, M., Di Marzio, N., and Naghdi, R. (2019). Changes in soil parameters of forests after windstorms and timber extraction. European Journal of Forest Research, 138: 875-888.
[4]. Kozlowski, T.T. (1999). Soil compaction and growth of woody plants. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 14(6): 596-619.
[5]. Rab, M.A. (2004). Recovery of soil physical properties from compaction and soil profile disturbance caused by logging of native forest in Victorian Central Highlands, Australia. Forest Ecology and Management, 191(1–3): 329-340.
[6]. Jordán, A., Zavala, L.M., and Gil, J. (2010). Effects of mulching on soil physical properties and runoff under semi-arid conditions in southern Spain. Catena, 81: 77-85.
[7]. Merlim, A.D.O., Guerra, J.G.M., Junqueira, R.M., and Aquino, A.M.D. (2005). Soil macrofauna in cover crops of figs grown under organic management. Scientia Agricola, 62(1): 57-61.
[8]. Ni, X., Song, W., Zhang, H., Yang, X., Wang, L. (2016). Effects of Mulching on Soil Properties and Growth of Tea Olive (Osmanthus fragrans). PLoS ONE, 11(8): e0158228.doi:10.1371.
[9]. Imani, P., Lotfalian, M., Parsakhoo, A., and Naghdi, R. (2018). Investigating the performance of some improvement treatments in restoring soil physical properties of skid trails (Case Study: Darabkola Forest, Sari). Iranian Journal of Forest, 10(2): 181-195.
[10]. Parsakhoo, A., Mostafa, M., and Pourmalekshah, A.A.M.A. (2017). The effects of slash and sawdust on reducing soil compaction on skid trails. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 25(1): 172-183.
[11]. Lotfalian, M., Parsakhoo, A., Sadeghi, M., and Nazariani, N. (2018). Comparison of soil compaction recovery methods on skid trails. Journal of Forest Research and Development, 4(1): 59-71.
[12]. Ahmadi, M., Jourgholami, M., Majnounian, B., and Khalighi-Sigaroodi, S. (2020). The effect of organic mulches on the sediment reduction of the skid trails in the Kheyrud forest, Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 28(1): 73-84.
[13]. Meyer, C., Luscher, P., and Schulin, R. (2014). Enhancing the regeneration of compacted forest soils by planting black alder in skid lane tracks. European Journal of Forest Research, 133: 53-465.
[14]. Cambi, M., Certini, G., Neri, F., and Marchi, E. (2015). The impact of heavy traffic on forest
soils: a review. Forest Ecology and Management, 338: 124-138.
[15]. Horn, R., Vossbrink, J., Peth, S., and Becker, S. (2007). Impact of modern forest vehicles on soil physical properties. Forest Ecology and Management, 248: 56-63.
[16]. Mulumba, L.N., and Lal, R. (2008). Mulching effects on selected soil physical properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 98: 106-111.
[17]. Labelle, E.R., Poltorak, B.J., and Jaeger, D. (2019). The role of brush mats in mitigating machine-induced soil disturbances: an assessment using absolute and relative soil bulk density and penetration resistance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 49: 164-178.
[18]. Bolding, M.C., Kellogg, L.D., and Davis, C.T. (2009). Soil compaction and visual disturbance following an integrated mechanical forest fuel reduction operation in Southwest Oregon. International Journal of Forest Engineering, 20: 47-56.
[19]. Goutal, N., Renault, P., and Ranger, J. (2013). Forwarder traffic impacted over at least four years soil air composition of two forest soils in northeast France. Geoderma, 193-194: 29-40.
[20]. Fründ, H.C., and Averdiek, A. (2016). Soil aeration and soil water tension in skidding trails during three years after trafficking. Forest Ecology and Management, 380: 224-231.
[21]. Flores Fernández, J.L., Hartmann, P., Schäffer, J., Pulhmann, H., and von Wilpert, K. (2017). Initial recovery of compacted soil-planting and technical treatments decrease CO2 concentrations in soil and promote root growth. Annals of Forest Science, 74: 73.